# Metric characteristics of ball-handling skills tests for preschoolaged children
[](https://hub.ufzg.hr/uploads/images/gallery/2024-09/logo-stoo2-1-no.png) | **Teaching (Today for) Tomorrow:** **Bridging the Gap between the Classroom and Reality** 3rd International Scientific and Art Conference Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Zagreb in cooperation with the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts |
##### **Marija Lorger1, Ana Luketić2**
*1 Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Zagreb, |
**Section - Kinesiology education and sports** | **Paper Number: 56** | **Category: Original scientific paper** |
##### **Abstract** |
The aim of the research was to verify the metric characteristics of motor tests from the TGMD-2 test battery for assessing ball-handling skills in preschool-aged children. The level of ball-handling skills was checked with three tests (out of five possible) that form part of the battery for the assessment of gross motor skills based on the effective object control, namely: *hand dribbling in place, kicking the ball *and *catching the ball with two hands*. Tests *hit the ball with a bat with two hands* (hitting in baseball) and *throwing the ball* were omitted due to demanding rotational movement technique (according to the authors’ estimate). The research was conducted on a sample of 30 children of whom 15 were girls and 15 boys aged 5 to 7 years. The results showed satisfactory metric characteristics of the tests and confirmed their possible implementation in further research in children of preschool age as well. The obtained results indicated the existence of a statistically significant gender difference in the test kicking the ball in favor of boys, but only for the first two attempts. The shortcoming of this study can be attributed to the relatively small number of participants. Also, there is very little possibility of comparing the results obtained in this study with the results of measurements in the Croatian population at this age due to the lack of research using tests from the TGMD-2 battery. Accordingly, the success of the acquired knowledge of children from this group cannot be defined, but their results can be an excellent reference point for possible further research of this type. |
***Key words:*** |
*children; motor knowledge; TGMD -2 test battery* |
VARIABLES | *M* | *Min* | *Max* | *SD* |
Hand dribbling in place 1 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.47 |
Hand dribbling in place 2 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.51 |
Hand dribbling in place 3 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 |
Kicking the ball 1 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 |
Kicking the ball 2 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.47 |
Kicking the ball 3 | 0.73 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.45 |
Catching the ball with two hands 1 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.48 |
Catching the ball with two hands 2 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.47 |
Catching the ball with two hands 3 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.43 |
Variables | M girls | M boys |
Hand dribbling in place 1 | 0.20 | 0.40 |
Hand dribbling in place 2 | 0.33 | 0.60 |
Hand dribbling in place 3 | 0.47 | 0.73 |
Kicking the ball 1 | 0.33 | 0.80 |
Kicking the ball 2 | 0.47 | 0.93 |
Kicking the ball 3 | 0.60 | 0.87 |
Catching the ball with two hands 1 | 0.60 | 0.73 |
Catching the ball with two hands 2 | 0.53 | 0.87 |
Catching the ball with two hands 3 | 0.73 | 0.80 |
Variables | RMS | α |
Hand dribbling in place 1 | 0.70 | 0.86 |
Hand dribbling in place 2 | 0.85 | 0.72 |
Hand dribbling in place 3 | 0.71 | 0.85 |
Coefficient of internal reliability Cronbach's alpha (Cα) | 0.87 | |
Average Inter-Item Correlation | 0.70 | |
Kicking the ball 1 | 0.68 | 0.80 |
Kicking the ball 2 | 0.86 | 0.80 |
Kicking the ball 3 | 0.68 | 0.82 |
Coefficient of internal reliability Cronbach's alpha (Cα) | 0.86 | |
Average Inter-Item Correlation | 0.69 | |
Catching the ball with two hands 1 | 0.61 | 0.66 |
Catching the ball with two hands 2 | 0.65 | 0.61 |
Catching the ball with two hands 3 | 0.52 | 0.76 |
Coefficient of internal reliability Cronbach's alpha (Cα) | 0.76 | |
Average Inter-Item Correlation | 0.52 |
VARIABLES | L | % Total | Cum % |
**1st test**: Hand dribbling in place | 2.34 | 77.89 | 77.89 |
**2nd test**: Kicking the ball | 2.37 | 78.88 | 78.88 |
**3rd test:** Catching the ball with two hands | 2.04 | 68.15 | 68.15 |
[](https://hub.ufzg.hr/uploads/images/gallery/2024-09/logo-stoo2-1-no.png) | **Odgoj danas za sutra:** **Premošćivanje jaza između učionice i realnosti** 3\. međunarodna znanstvena i umjetnička konferencija Učiteljskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Suvremene teme u odgoju i obrazovanju – STOO4 u suradnji s Hrvatskom akademijom znanosti i umjetnosti |
**Sažetak** ** ** |
Cilj istraživanja bio je provjera metrijskih karakteristika motoričkih testova za procjenu vještine baratanja loptom iz TGMD-2 baterije kod djece predšklske dobi. Razina vještine baratanja loptom provjerena je s tri testa (od 5 mogućih) koji čine dio baterije za procjenu grube motoričke vještine temeljene na učinkovitoj kontroli predmeta i to: vođenje lopte rukom u mjestu, udaranje lopte nogom i hvatanje lopte s dvije ruke. Izostavljeni su testovi udarac loptice palicom s dvije ruke (udarac u bejzbolu) i bacanje loptice zbog (prema procjeni autorica) zahtjevne rotacijske tehnike izvođenja gibanja. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 30 djece od čega je 15 djevojčica i 15 dječaka u dobi od 5 do 7 godina. Rezultati su pokazali zadovoljavajuće vrijednosti metrijskih karakteristika testova te potvrdili njihovu mogućnost korištenja za daljnja istraživanja kod djece predškolske dobi. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na postojanje statistički značajne razlike u testu udaranja lopte nogom u korist dječaka, ali samo u prva dva pokušaja. Nedostatak ovoga israživanja može se povezati sa relativno malim brojem sudionika. Također, vrlo je mala mogućnost usporedbe dobivenih rezultata u ovom istraživanju sa rezultatima mjerenja u hrvatskoj populaciji u ovoj dobi zbog nedostatka istraživanja pomoću testova iz TGMD-2 baterije. Sukladno tome, ne može se definirati uspješnost usvojenih znanja djece iz ove skupine, ali njihovi rezultati mogu biti izvrstan orjentir za moguća daljnja istraživanja ovoga tipa. |
***Ključne riječi:*** |
*djeca; motorička znanja; **TGMD baterija testova * |